American scientists Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023 for their groundbreaking discovery of microRNA, a class of small RNA molecules that play a crucial role in regulating genetic activity at the cellular level. This finding has not only provided a new understanding of the mechanisms of cellular control, but also promises to open new avenues for treating complex diseases such as cancer, neurological disorders, and infectious diseases.
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Ambros and Ruvkun were initially interested in how genes control cell development and the proper timing for the emergence of different cell types during an organism’s development. This interest led them to study two mutant strains of worms, biological models used in genetic research, to identify which genes were involved in cell development. Their research resulted in the discovery of microRNA, molecules that do not produce proteins, but instead modulate gene activity, controlling their expression by turning them on or off according to cellular needs.
According to the Nobel committee, this discovery has revealed “a new dimension in genetic regulation, essential for all multicellular organisms.” By acting as a regulator of gene expression, microRNA has allowed organisms to evolve and adapt over hundreds of millions of years. This discovery has become a cornerstone for understanding how complex organisms, including humans, function.
The potential impact of this discovery on medicine is immense. In the field of cancer, for example, specific genes have been identified as overactive or mutated, contributing to tumor development. Scientists could use microRNA to restore the balance of these mutated genes, providing new opportunities for more targeted and less invasive treatments. This therapeutic approach has applications in oncology and is also being explored for treating infectious and neurological diseases, such as hepatitis and nervous system disorders.
Although still in experimental stages, researchers are confident that microRNA therapy could be a key tool in the medicine of the future. It could modify genetic activity to treat and prevent diseases more effectively.
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